Asian Development Bank
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For ADB members in Asia and the Pacific, stronger tax systems are now more important than ever-to boost revenues enabling recovery from the economic shocks of COVID-19, and to reinforce implementation of Sustainable Development Goals. Using comparative data up to the fiscal year 2020 and drawing from the International Survey on Revenue Administration (ISORA 2021), this sixth edition in our series analyzes the administrative setups and performance...
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This publication was prepared for the Cross-Border Settlement Infrastructure Forum (CSIF) to support its efforts to establish central securities depository and real-time gross settlement linkages. It aims to build a common understanding among CSIF members about international standards and gateways for these linkages, including user requirements and technical specifications. The publication reflects the collaborative efforts currently underway to further...
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This publication presents an empirical assessment of Mongolia's system of decentralized governance and the extent to which it translates into the actual and practical working environment for subnational and local governments. It focuses on the roles of subnational and local governments in providing public services and promoting local economic development.
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Technology-based startup enterprises are an increasingly important part of the business landscape in Asia and the Pacific. By applying innovative technologies to create new products and services, they can make a significant contribution to economic development while generating social and environmental benefits. However, to survive and then thrive, tech startups require an enabling ecosystem that includes supportive government policy, adequate access...
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Gender equality is guaranteed in the legal and policy framework in Tajikistan, but its implementation faces challenges, especially in rural areas. Through time use surveys, this report breaks down the ways in which women contribute to the rural economy through their paid and unpaid work. It analyzes the impact of gendered roles in care and domestic work, as well as in work outside the household. The report calls for increased public investment to...
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This publication contains a detailed overview of Bangladesh's public—private partnership (PPP) landscape, assesses its progress, and explains how well-structured deals can help climate-proof its infrastructure and maintain growth. Designed as a one-stop source of information on Bangladesh's relatively mature PPP sector, it assesses over 500 qualitative and quantitative indicators, and shows how strengthening institutional frameworks has encouraged...
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This report explains why strengthening the governance around public investment management is central to cutting inefficiencies and unblocking the climate finance needed to narrow Asia and the Pacific's gaping infrastructure gap. Outlining how adaptation and mitigation should be woven into more inclusive investment planning, it explains why private investment should be combined with public resources to better tackle the climate and investment shortfall....
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Under the Asian Development Bank (ADB)'s long-term corporate strategy, ADB will strengthen its collaboration with civil society organizations. The ADB's South Asia Department is playing a leading role in delivering on ADB's commitment to meaningful engagement with civil society. This report identifies trends in ADB's approaches to civil society engagement in South Asia over 2015-2021. It examines ADB's civil society engagement in South Asia in project...
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Despite significant economic growth in Asia in recent decades, millions of people in rural Asia still lack access to electricity. In response, the Asian Development Bank is working to foster universal access to energy by developing small hybrid renewable energy systems in rural Asian areas. This publication highlights the experiences of ADB's pilot projects to achieve access to electricity and energy efficiency in five developing countries in Asia....
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Across the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), there are over 500 special economic zones (SEZs) and industrial zones located near GMS economic corridors and covering over 50 million people. This proposed health impact assessment (HIA) framework recognizes these SEZs and economic corridors as economic engines of the subregion and aims to maximize benefits for all. The framework aims to provide enhanced guidance for identifying, mitigating, and managing...
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This guidebook provides practical tips and resources for conducting quality socioeconomic surveys to enhance the effectiveness of urban development and water projects. It explains the importance of high-quality socioeconomic surveys to strengthen project design, ensure robust due diligence, and inform evidence-based policies. Focusing on urban development and water projects, the guidebook discusses common mistakes made with socioeconomic surveys and...
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This publication provides a comprehensive account of the 2017 International Comparison Program (ICP) cycle for 22 economies in Asia and the Pacific. It provides in-depth analyses of estimates of purchasing power parities (PPPs), total and per capita real (PPP-converted) gross domestic product and its component expenditures, and price level indexes showing relative costs of living. The PPPs enable comparison in real terms across economies by removing...
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This report analyzes how Islamic finance can be scaled up to help build urgently-needed climate-resilient infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific region, and ensure its post-COVID-19 recovery is green, sustainable, and inclusive. It outlines how greening Islamic capital markets and social finance, mobilizing project finance for infrastructure and boosting financial inclusion, can play a key role in funding the climate agenda. It details the 14 ADB...
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This guidance note explains why countries in Asia and the Pacific should use technology, including remote sensing and artificial intelligence, to reform property tax management and help strengthen public finances. Outlining why property tax is a stable revenue source, it shows how technology can be used to roll out computerized mass appraisal systems, automated value modeling, and integrated land information systems. It assesses the complex hurdles...
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This report explores the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the future of the job market in Indonesia. It assesses how jobs, tasks, and skills are being transformed in food and beverage as well as in automotive manufacturing. These two industries have high relevance to 4IR technologies and both are important to Indonesia's national employment, economic growth, and international competitiveness. They are also likely to benefit...
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This publication outlines the performance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in achieving the goals of Strategy 2030, the institution's long-term strategic framework. It is the 14th in the series of annual reports that tracks development progress in Asia and the Pacific, assesses ADB's development effectiveness, and identifies areas where the institution's performance needs to be strengthened.
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Technology-based startup enterprises are an increasingly important part of the business landscape in Asia and the Pacific. By applying innovative technologies to create new products and services, they can make a significant contribution to economic development while generating social and environmental benefits. However, to survive and then thrive, tech startups require an enabling ecosystem that includes supportive government policy, and adequate...
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Highlighting the importance of Asia's small and medium enterprises (SMEs), this report shows how economies can learn from policies employed by the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (US) to offer SMEs the credit they need to thrive. With SMEs making up some 96% of all Asian businesses, the report explains the challenges they commonly face and analyzes the impact of specialized financing facilities in the ROK and the US. It offers a study...
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The Government of Mongolia has identified agriculture as a priority area for growth. Agriculture sector development is key to diversifying the economy, reducing the reliance on vegetable imports, alleviating poverty, and improving nutrition in the country's large rural population. The Asian Development Bank prepared this publication, which analyzes the market and value chain for vegetables. It also presents several aspects of climate-resilient smallholder...
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This report proposes a research program to determine the suitability of Vetiver grass for slope protection and the potential of liquid soil catalysts for improving soil-bearing capacity in Cambodia. It presents the advantages of soil bioengineering for strengthening soil or slope structures and erosion control, which are important considerations in road and other infrastructure projects. The report proposes six trials to be conducted on National Road...